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As of 2014, there are 250,000 ethnic Indo-Canadians in Greater Vancouver.〔Hopper, Tristin. "(Pirate Radio: Why do three of the biggest Indian language stations in Vancouver broadcast out of the U.S.? )" ((Archive )). ''National Post''. October 3, 2014. Retrieved on October 15, 2014.〕 The Newton area of Surrey, a city within Greater Vancouver, as of 2012, is one of the world's largest South Asian enclaves.〔Todd, Douglas. "(Mapping our ethnicity Part 1: South Asia in Surrey )" ((Archive )). ''Vancouver Sun''. May 2, 2012. Retrieved on October 23, 2014.〕 Most Indo-Canadians in Greater Vancouver and cities adjacent to it are Punjabi Sikhs; Sikhism is the majority religion and Punjabis are the majority ethnic group. 68% percent of Indo-Canadians in Canada live in the Toronto and Vancouver areas as of 2001, together making up 7% of the combined populations of the cities.〔"(The East Indian community in Canada )" ((Archive )). Statistics Canada. Retrieved on October 15, 2014. "The large majority of Canadians of East Indian origin also live in either Toronto or Vancouver. In 2001, 68% of the overall East Indian community lived in one of these two cities. That year close to 350,000 Canadians of East Indian origin lived in Toronto, while almost 150,000 lived in Vancouver. Canadians of East Indian origin made up 7% of the residents of both Toronto and () Vancouver that year."〕 Canadian-raised Punjabi Sikhs living in the Vancouver area, which comprises the western half of the Lower Mainland region, perceive "Punjabi" and "Sikh" as being the same thing, and therefore they use the two words interchangeably.〔Nayar, ''The Punjabis in British Columbia'', p. (9 ). "It is interesting to note that, in the BC Lower Mainland (Vancouver and surrounding municipalities, including Burnaby, New Westminster, Richmond, and Surrey), Sikhs raised outside the Punjab refer to themselves as Punjabi and use the term interchangeably with "Sikh," understanding the two as synonymous."〕 Hugh Johnston, the author of "The Development of the Punjabi Community in Vancouver since 1961," wrote that "Sikhs are exclusively Punjabi".〔Johnston, Hugh, p. 16.〕 ==History== Margaret Walton-Roberts and Daniel Hiebert, the authors of ''Immigration, Entrepreneurship, and the Family'', wrote that "The history of Indo-Canadian settlement in Vancouver began in the late 19th century".〔Walton-Roberts and Hiebert, ''(Immigration, Entrepreneurship, and the Family )'', p. 124.〕 The Empress of India arrived in Vancouver in 1904. On board were the first members of Vancouver's South Asian community.〔Pang, Guek-cheng. ''Culture Shock! Vancouver''. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd, August 15, 2010. ISBN 9814484806, 9789814484800. p. (30 ).〕 In 1908 the Canadian Dominion government had a plan to obtain labour for sugar plantations in British Honduras, now Belize, by recruiting Punjabis in Vancouver. The plan did not work because the Punjabis had already obtained employment.〔Henderson, Martha L. ''Geographical Identities of Ethnic America: Race, Space, and Place''. University of Nevada Press, 2002. ISBN 0874174872, 9780874174878. p. (71 ).〕 In 1914 Sikhs in Vancouver protested after authorities turned away the Komagata Maru and most of its passengers; this vessel carried Sikhs from Punjab who were intending to move to Canada. Shelley Sang-Hee Lee, the author of ''A New History of Asian America'', wrote that the incident had persuaded persons of Indian origin residing on the North American West Coast to oppose discrimination against their ethnic groups.〔Lee, Shelley Sang-Hee. ''A New History of Asian America''. Routledge, October 1, 2013. ISBN 1135071063, 9781135071066. p. (156 ).〕 The system of sponsoring Vancouver-based South Asians sponsoring relatives in India to immigrate to Vancouver began in 1919, when the Canadian government began permitting children and women based in India entry into Canada.〔Johnston, Hugh, p. 3. "The 1981 census showed a Canadian population of 67,710 Sikhs and 69,500 Hindus, with 22,392 Sikhs and only 6,865 Hindus in Vancouver. Approximately one-third of Vancouver's Hindus are Punjabis, making Vancouver's total Punjabi population in 1981 about 25,000." - NOTE: Based on the figures: one third of the Vancouver Hindu population would be about 2288.33, which means there would be 22,712 Sikhs. Since the number of Sikhs was actually 22,392, this means virtually all Sikhs are Punjabi. Also: "In Toronto and other major centres in central and eastern Canada, other linguistic groups are more numerous, and Punjabis are part of a more balanced South Asian population."〕 By 1923 Vancouver became the primary cultural, social, and religious centre of British Columbia Indo-Canadians and it had the largest East Indian-origin population of any city in North America.〔Das, Rajani Kant. ''(Hindustani Workers on the Pacific Coast )''. W.de Gruyter & Co. (Berlin), 1923. -- CITED: p. (20-21 ) ((Archive )).〕 Walton-Roberts and Hiebert stated that until the 1960s the Indo-Canadian community in Vancouver "was relatively small".〔 In 1961 the immigration patterns of Sikhs arriving to Canada changed, with Ontario becoming a major centre of immigration. Prior to 1961 Vancouver was the sole major point of Sikh immigration to Canada.〔Campbell, ''(The Sikhs of Vancouver: A Case Study in Minority-Host Relations )'', p. 3-4.〕 The first significant non-Sikh immigration occurred post-1947 occurred.〔Indra, p. 177.〕 Additional immigration of those of Indian background residing in India, Fiji, and England occurred in the late 1960s.〔 Immigration from Fiji continued to occur in the 1969-1979 period. Other groups immigrating from 1969 through 1979 included Pakistanis, Sri Lankans, and Ismaili Muslims and Gujarati Hindus from East Africa.〔 In the period 1971 through 1981 East Indians from South Asia, Fiji, England, East Africa, East Asia, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia arrived in Vancouver. These immigrants included Sikhs and non-Sikhs.〔Dusenbery, p. 101.〕 Punjabi Canadians began occupying all areas of Vancouver in the 1960s. In the 1970s Punjabi populations began appearing in Delta, Richmond, and Surrey. Vandalism against houses owned by Indo-Canadians and a Sikh gurdwara occurred in the 1970s, especially in 1974-1975 in Surrey.〔Johnston, Hugh, p. 7.〕 71,801 South Asian immigrants moved to Vancouver during the period 1980 to 2001.〔Bauder, Harald. ''Labor Movement: How Migration Regulates Labor Markets''. Oxford University Press, January 28, 2006. ISBN 019534622X, 9780195346220. p. (56 ).〕 Some passengers on board Air India Flight 182, which crashed in 1985, were from Greater Vancouver.〔Kelleher, Olivia. "(Special tributes to remember tragic victims of rail and air disasters )." ''Irish Independent''. 6 July 2005. Retrieved on October 22, 2014. "On June 23, 1985, Air India Flight 182 from Montreal to London, carrying passengers from Vancouver, exploded and crashed off the Cork coast."〕 The bomb that went on AI182 was first placed on a connecting flight that departed Vancouver.〔Staff. "(John Major's Air India Flight 182 inquiry's key findings before the bomb exploded in 1985, killing 329 people )" ((Archive )). ''The Georgia Straight''. July 17, 2010. Retrieved on January 5, 2015.〕 Since then, there have been memorial services held at Stanley Park. The Ceperley Playground at Stanley Park has a memorial listing the names of the passengers.〔Bolan, Kim. "(Air India anniversary memorial service planned for Stanley Park tonight )" ((Archive )). ''Vancouver Sun''. June 23, 2014. Retrieved on October 22, 2014.〕 By the mid-1980s wealthier Indo-Canadians were moving to Surrey from South Vancouver because land in Surrey was more inexpensive.〔Johnston, Hugh, p. 10.〕 In 1996 a controversy occurred when Dr. Stephens, a doctor in San Jose, California, put advertisements for sex-selection services which would allow parents to reject female children. The Coalition of Women's Organizations Against Sex Selection, organized by Mahila, a women's group headquartered in Vancouver, criticized Stephens.〔Fair, p. 1.〕 In 2006 the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) stated that there had been attempts to extort and kidnap people in Surrey; the RCMP did not disclose when the attempts occurred and who the targets were. The RCMP stated that businesspersons of Indo-Canadian origins in Surrey need to take precautions. In response, the president of Sikh Alliance Against Violence, Kandola, stated that the warning was too vague and could cause unnecessary panic and confusion.〔"(RCMP warning to Indo-Canadian community draws fire )" ((Archive )). CBC News. August 23, 2006. Retrieved on October 22, 2014.〕 In August 2008, during a community meeting,〔Bloemraad, p. (48 ).〕 the Prime Minister of Canada gave an apology for the Komagata Maru incident in a park,〔Lundy, Kathleen Gould. ''Teaching Fairly in an Unfair World''. Pembroke Publishers Limited. ISBN 1551388073, 9781551388076. p. (93 ).〕 in Surrey.〔 Some members of Canada's Indo-Canadian community argued that he should have apologized in Parliament.〔 In 2010 Charlie Smith, the editor of ''The Georgia Straight'', criticized area news reports which stated that Indo-Canadians were disproportionately connected to gay bashings; Smith argued that it is not fair to lump all Indo-Canadians together and label them with the same description, citing the ethnic diversity within the community.〔Smith, Charlie (editor). "(Gay bashings and "South Asians" )" ((Archive )). ''The Georgia Straight''. July 18, 2010. Retrieved on October 19, 2014.〕 He also cited the fact that no Indo-Canadian professionals were charged with any such crimes. He added "I doubt there is a single university graduate among the lot."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Indo-Canadians in Greater Vancouver」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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